9781422283912

S OCIAL P ROGRESS AND S USTAINABILITY

T HE S ERIES :

A FRICA : N ORTHERN AND E ASTERN A FRICA : M IDDLE , W ESTERN , AND S OUTHERN E AST A SIA AND THE P ACIFIC E UROPE E URASIA N EAR E AST S OUTH AND C ENTRAL A SIA N ORTH A MERICA C ENTRAL A MERICA AND THE C ARIBBEAN S OUTH A MERICA

S OCIAL P ROGRESS AND S USTAINABILITY Shelter • Safety • Literacy • Health • Freedom • Environment E UROPE

Don Rauf

Foreword by Michael Green, Executive Director, Social Progress Imperative

MASON CREST

Mason Crest 450 Parkway Drive, Suite D Broomall, PA 19008 www.masoncrest.com

Copyright © 2017 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

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Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-3490-7 Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-4222-3496-9 ebook ISBN: 978-1-4222-8391-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Rauf, Don, author. Title: Europe/by Don Rauf; foreword by Michael Green, executive director, Social Progress Imperative. Description: Broomall, PA : Mason Crest, [2017] | Series: Social progress and sustainability | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016007606| ISBN 9781422234969 (hardback) | ISBN 9781422234907 (series) | ISBN 9781422283912 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Social indicators—Juvenile literature. | Europe—Social conditions— Juvenile literature. | Europe—Economic conditions—Juvenile literature.

Classification: LCC HN374 .R38 2017 | DDC 306.094—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007606

Developed and Produced by Print Matters Productions, Inc. (www.printmattersinc.com)

Project Editor: David Andrews Design: Bill Madrid, Madrid Design Copy Editor: Laura Daly

Note on Statistics: All social progress statistics, except where noted, are used by courtesy of the Social Progress Imperative and reflect 2015 ratings.

C ONTENTS

Foreword: Social Progress around the Globe by Michael Green ........ 6 Introduction: Social Progress in Europe ......................................... 11 1 Basic HumanNeeds ..............................................21 2 Foundations of Well-being.........................................35 3 Opportunity.................................................................47 4 European Countries at a Glance ...............................55 Conclusion ............................................................................ 73 Glossary ............................................................................... 75 Index .................................................................................. 78 Resources ............................................................................ 79

KEY I CONS TO LOOK FOR :

Text-Dependent Questions: These questions send readers back to the text for more careful attention to the evidence presented there.

Words to Understand: These words with their easy-to-understand definitions will increase readers’ understanding of the text while building vocabulary skills.

Research Projects: Readers are pointed toward areas of further inquiry connected to each chapter. Suggestions are provided for projects that encourage deeper research and analysis. Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities, and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives. Series Glossary of Key Terms: This back-of-the-book glossary contains terminology used throughout this series. Words found here increase readers’ ability to read and comprehend higher-level books and articles in this field.

S OCIAL P ROGRESS AROUND THE G LOBE F OREWORD H ow do you measure the success of a country? It’s not as easy as you might think. Americans are used to thinking of their country as the best in the world, but what does “best” actually mean? For a long time, the United States performed better than any other country in terms of the sheer size of its economy, and bigger was considered better. Yet China caught up with the United States in 2014 and now has a larger overall economy. What about average wealth? The United States does far better than China here but not as well as several countries in Europe and the Middle East. Most of us would like to be richer, but is money really what we care about? Is wealth really how we want to measure the success of countries—or cities, neighborhoods, families, and individuals? Would you really want to be rich if it meant not having access to the World Wide Web, or suffering a painful disease, or not being safe when you walked near your home? Using money to compare societies has a long history, including the invention in the 1930s of an economic measurement called gross domestic product (GDP). Basically, GDP for the United States “measures the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located within the U.S. during a given time period.” The concept of GDP was actually created by the economist Simon Kuznets for use by the federal government. Using measures like GDP to guide national economic policies helped pull the United States out of the Great Depression and helped Europe and Japan recover after World War II. As they say in business school, if you can measure it, you can manage it. Many positive activities contribute to GDP, such as • Building schools and roads • Growing crops and raising livestock • Providing medical care More and more experts, however, are seeing that we may need another way to measure the success of a nation. Other kinds of activities increase a country’s GDP, but are these signs that a country is moving in a positive direction? • Building and maintaining larger prisons for more inmates • Cleaning up after hurricanes or other natural disasters • Buying alcohol and illegal drugs • Maintaining ecologically unsustainable use of water, harvesting of trees, or catching of fish Michael Green Executive Director Social Progress Imperative Michael Green

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GDP also does not address inequality. A few people could become extraordinarily wealthy, while the rest of a country is plunged into poverty and hunger, but this wouldn’t be reflected in the GDP. In the turbulent 1960s, Robert F. Kennedy, the attorney general of the United States and brother of President John F. Kennedy, famously said of GDP during a 1968 address to students at the University of Kansas: “It counts napalm and counts nuclear warheads and armored cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities . . . [but] the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children. . . . [I]t measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile.” For countries like the United States that already have large or strong economies, it is not clear that simply making the economy larger will improve human welfare. Developed countries struggle with issues like obesity, diabetes, crime, and environmental challenges. Increasingly, even poorer countries are struggling with these same issues. Noting the difficulties that many countries experience as they grow wealthier (such as increased crime and obesity), people around the world have begun to wonder: What if we measure the things we really care about directly, rather than assuming that greater GDP will mean improvement in everything we care about? Is that even possible? The good news is that it is. There is a new way to think about prosperity, one that does not depend on measuring economic activity using traditional tools like GDP. Advocates of the “Beyond GDP” movement, people ranging from university professors to leaders of businesses, frompoliticians to religious leaders, are calling formore attention to directly measuring things we all care about, such as hunger, homelessness, disease, and unsafe water. One of the new tools that have been developed is called the Social Progress Index (SPI), and it is the data from this index that is featured in this series of books, Social Progress and Sustainability. The SPI has been created to measure and advance social progress outcomes at a fine level of detail in communities of different sizes and at different levels of wealth. This means that we can compare the performance of very different countries using one standard set of measurements, to get a sense of how well different countries perform compared to each other. The index measures how the different parts of society, including governments, businesses, not-for-profits, social entrepreneurs, universities, and colleges, work together to improve human welfare. Similarly, it does not strictly measure the actions taken in a particular place. Instead, it measures the outcomes in a place. The SPI begins by defining what it means to be a good society, structured around three fundamental themes: • Do people have the basic needs for survival: food, water, shelter, and safety? • Do people have the building blocks of a better future: education, information, health, and sustainable ecosystems?

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• Do people have a chance to fulfill their dreams and aspirations by having rights and freedom of choice, without discrimination, with access to the cutting edge of human knowledge?

The Social Progress Index is published each year, using the best available data for all the countries covered. You can explore the data on our website at http://socialprogressimperative.org. The data for this series of books is from our 2015 index, which covered 133 countries. Countries that do not appear in the 2015 index did not have the right data available to be included. A few examples will help illustrate how overall Social Progress Index scores compare to measures of economic productivity (for example, GDP per capita), and also how countries can differ on specific lenses of social performance. • The United States (6th for GDP per capita, 16th for SPI overall) ranks 6th for Shelter but 68th in Health and Wellness, because of factors such as obesity and death from heart disease. • South Africa (62nd for GDP per capita, 63rd for SPI) ranks 44th in Access to Information and Communications but only 114th in Health and Wellness, because of factors such as relatively short life expectancy and obesity. • India (93rd for GDP per capita, 101st for SPI) ranks 70th in Personal Rights but only 128th in Tolerance and Inclusion, because of factors such as low tolerance for different religions and low tolerance for homosexuals. • China (66th for GDP per capita, 92nd for SPI) ranks 58th in Shelter but 84th in Water and Sanitation, because of factors such as access to piped water. • Brazil (55th for GDP per capita, 42nd for SPI) ranks 61st in Nutrition and Basic Medical Care but only 122nd in Personal Safety, because of factors such as a high homicide rate. The Social Progress Index focuses on outcomes. Politicians can boast that the government has spent millions on feeding the hungry; the SPI measures how well fed people really are. Businesses can boast investing money in their operations or how many hours their employees have volunteered in the community; the SPI measures actual literacy rates and access to the Internet. Legislators and administrators might focus on how much a country spends on health care; the SPI measures how long and how healthily people live. The index doesn’t measure whether countries have passed laws against discrimination; it measures whether people experience discrimination. And so on. • What if your family measured its success only by the amount of money it brought in but ignored the health and education of members of the family? • What if a neighborhood focused only on the happiness of the majority while discriminating against one family because they were different? • What if a country focused on building fast cars but was unable to provide clean water and air?

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The Social Progress Index can also be adapted to measure human well-being in areas smaller than a whole country. • A Social Progress Index for the Amazon region of Brazil, home to 24 million people and covering one of the world’s most precious environmental assets, shows how 800 different municipalities compare. A map of that region shows where needs are greatest and is informing a development strategy for the region that balances the interests of people and the planet. Nonprofits, businesses, and governments in Brazil are now using this data to improve the lives of the people living in the Amazon region. • The European Commission—the governmental body that manages the European Union—is using the Social Progress Index to compare the performance of multiple regions in each of 28 countries and to inform development strategies. • We envision a future where the Social Progress Index will be used by communities of different sizes around the world to measure how well they are performing and to help guide governments, businesses, and nonprofits to make better choices about what they focus on improving, including learning lessons from other communities of similar size and wealth that may be performing better on some fronts. Even in the United States subnational social progress indexes are underway to help direct equitable growth for communities. The Social Progress Index is intended to be used along with economic measurements such as GDP, which have been effective in guiding decisions that have lifted hundreds of millions of people out of abject poverty. But it is designed to let countries go even further, not just making economies larger but helping them devote resources to where they will improve social progress the most. The vision of my organization, the Social Progress Imperative, which created the Social Progress Index, is that in the future the Social Progress Index will be considered alongside GDP when people make decisions about how to invest money and time. Imagine if we could measure what charities and volunteers really contribute to our societies. Imagine if businesses competed based on their whole contribution to society—not just economic, but social and environmental. Imagine if our politicians were held accountable for how much they made people’s lives better, in real, tangible ways. Imagine if everyone, everywhere, woke up thinking about how their community performed on social progress and about what they could do to make it better.

Note on Text: While Michael Green wrote the foreword and data is from the 2015 Social Progress Index, the rest of the text is not by Michael Green or the Social Progress Imperative.

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This political map shows the countries of the region discussed in this book.

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I NTRODUCTION S OCIAL P ROGRESS IN E UROPE

S ocial progress is a society’s ability to meet the basic human needs of its citizens, to create the building blocks that individuals and communities use to improve the quality of their lives, and to make it possible for them to reach their potential. This is not the same thing as economic prosperity, which is limited to money and profits and can give misleading impressions of a society’s actual conditions. While development includes economic factors, social progress considers the many other things that affect quality of life, some of which can make life quite good even if a strict economic valuation would suggest otherwise. The Social Progress Imperativemeasures various aspects of social progress in every country in the world for which data is available. The data comes from international organizations such as theWorld Bank, theWorldHealth Organization, and the United Nations. The organization uses this information to create its Social Progress Index (SPI), which scores nations on how well they perform in three categories: Basic Human Needs: Does a country provide for its people’s most essential needs? Foundations of Well-being: Are the building blocks in place for individuals and communities to enhance and sustain well-being? Opportunity: Is there opportunity for all individuals to reach their full potential?

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These scores allow the Social Progress Imperative to rank countries from the best to the worst and to arrange them in six groups ranging from Very High to Very Low social progress. Its rankings cover 133 total countries, with 1 the best and 133 the worst. Many other nations are unranked but appear in reports nonetheless. History Overall, Europe scores well on the Social Progress Index. Covering 3.9 million squaremiles, Europeextends fromtheAtlanticOceaneast to theUralMountains, the unofficial geographic dividing line between Europe and Asia. But geographic Europe is different from the countries that many people actually consider as European. Geographically, a large part of Russia west of the Urals is located in Europe, but Russia as a whole country is regarded as part of Asia and not Europe. The countries that are considered European are not just geographically close but bound together because of shared ideals and principles. The 48 or so countries that make up Europe operate under some form of democracy where people have a right to vote for their leaders. They also have free market economies. The exact number of countries that make up modern-day Europe may be debated because some countries that were originally considered part of the Soviet Union have now more closely aligned with Europe. Turkey’s identity is a question mark as well. It is a country that straddles both Europe and Asia. It first applied for membership in the European Union (EU) in 1999, but it also has a strong connection to Asia.

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Europe and Asia meet at the Ural Mountains.

About 300,000 years ago, prehistoric people known as the Neanderthals lived in the area now called Europe. As humans evolved over hundreds of thousands of years, civilization developed. They created organized farms, art, and forms of government. Minoan Crete may be considered Europe’s first civilization. Beginning in 2000 BC, Minoan Crete had a sophisticated culture and trading industry. Over the centuries more nomadic tribespeople settled and developed communities. In the 8th century BC, Greek civilization flourished, with the first Olympic Games held in 776 BC. The ancient Greeks invented an alphabet and

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different types of mathematics. The people prided themselves on producing sophisticated sculpture, architecture, pottery, and other art. At this time, Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey . Greek colonies spread to southern Italy and Sicily. In 507 BC a system of political reforms called demokratia , or “rule by the people,” was introduced. In time, tribes settled into communities in what are now Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Denmark, and Sweden. But in the 8th century, the main area of cultural development in Europe was around the Mediterranean. By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become themajor economic and cultural force in the region. Like Greece, its government had democratic elements. But forms of democracy were to give way to monarchies in the centuries to come.

Western civilization began in Greece.

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By 30 BC, Rome took over Egypt and controlled the entire Mediterranean area for four centuries to follow. In the 3rd century AD, German tribes amassed along the borders of the Roman Empire. In the 4th and 5th centuries, many people began to migrate and populate more regions of Europe. The period was known as the Völkerwanderung , or “migration of the peoples.” During these centuries civilizations developed that were built around the Christian religion. The great city of Constantinople, known today as Istanbul, was founded in AD 330. In time Rome shifted to become a hub of Christianity as well. After the 5th century, Germanic peoples in the north prospered and came together to form stronger groups. In the 700s, Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, united most of Western Europe, and the foundations of modern France and Germany took shape. Around the same time, an Arab influence from the south spread north into Spain and beyond. In the 9th through 12th centuries, the Vikings of the north invaded France. Normandy, in fact, got its name from the Scandinavian for “Northman.” There were also Viking invasions in England. Over the centuries, countries in Europe developed around a series of monarchies. Still, Christianitywas thepervasivereligion throughout theregion, and it offered some teachings that promoted tolerance of one’s fellow human beings. Perhaps from this foundation of belief a system of courts eventually developed intended to defend the rights of man. In 1215 the Magna Carta (or “Great Charter”) was introduced in England. It contained 63 clauses promising all freemen access to the courts and a fair trial. It eliminated unfair fines and punishments and limited the power of the king. The Magna Carta established that the king needed consent of the royal council to levy or collect any taxes. This royal council gradually developed into a parliament and established the basis of modern democracy.

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Over centuries all the European monarchies have slowly eroded, giving way to democratic rule. But the last genuine European monarchy, Luxembourg, did not end until 2009. Although Luxembourg had an advisory parliament, the country had been governed by a grand duke up until then. Europe Today Europe’s population is fairly stagnant. It is increasing, but only very slightly. Italy’s health minister said the country was dying—its birthrate in 2015 is at its lowest since Italy’s formation as a modern state in 1861. A total of 8.4 babies are born per 1,000 people. Some say the lower birth rates in Europe are related to economic turmoil and high unemployment in some regions. While fewer people are being born in some European countries, more immigrants are eager to come into European countries—especially with civil strife in Syria and Iraq. Instead of accepting population contraction, countries with declining citizenry could accept more immigrants, who could potentially generate more revenue and provide cultural influences. According to an article in YaleGlobal Online, Italy’s population would decline by 15 percent by midcentury without immigration—even with immigration, Italy’spopulationisexpectedtobe3percentsmaller in2050compared to today. Integrating immigrants into a country, however, can be challenging. When it comes to social progress,many countries inEurope rankhighon the index of the Social Progress Imperative, the SPI. Of the top 15 countries in the SPI, 11 are in Europe—Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Iceland, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, the UK, Ireland, Austria, and Germany. Some European countries, though, don’t do as well. France, for example, does well when it comes tomeeting basic human needs, but the country faces challenges with environmental issues

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