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the horizontal direction, and that translates into horizontal motion to propel the runner forward. The athlete must have an ideal contact with the starting blocks so that foot position is optimized to get the best start and generate maximum force coming off the blocks. The athlete also needs to generate a bit of vertical speed to “fly” or “leap” off the blocks. Horizontal Motion World-class sprinters run at about thirty miles per hour, so it is fair to look at the sprinter as a projectile. When we do this, we can then look at the physics of projectile motion. Think of the sprinter as a cannonball. All projectiles have both vertical and horizontal motion. The runner moves horizontally while also moving up and down. Sprinters try to minimize their vertical motion so that horizontal motion is maximized. In the video, watch as the runners keep their upper bodies very still and use their legs to propel forward with horizontal motion. Newton’s Third Law explains this: an

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Words To Understand: These words with their easy-to-understand definitions will increase the reader’s understanding of the text while building vocabulary skills.

Watch this amazing slow-motion video of a runner leaving the starting blocks. Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities, and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives. Educational Videos: Readers can view videos by scanning our QR codes, providing them with additional educational content to supplement the text. Examples include news coverage, moments in history, speeches, iconic sports moments, and much more!

object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

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Series Glossary Of Key Terms: This back-of-the-book glossary contains terminology used throughout this series. Words found here increase the reader’s ability to read and comprehend higher-level books and articles in this field.

10 CONNECTING STEM AND SPORTS | TRACK & FIELD