9781422276044

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ROBOTICS

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICITY ELECTRONICS GADGETS & DEVICES INTERNET ROBOTICS SPACE EXPLORATION

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ROBOTICS

Mason Crest

Mason Crest

Mason Crest 450 Parkway Drive, Suite D Broomall, PA 19008 www.masoncrest.com

© 2019 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher.

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-4205-6 Hardback ISBN: 978-1-4222-4211-7 EBook ISBN: 978-1-4222-7604-4

First printing 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Cover photograph by Wisky/Dreamstime.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Mason Crest Publishers, author.

Title: Robotics / by Mason Crest. Other titles: Robotics (Mason Crest Publishers) Description: Broomall, PA : Mason Crest, [2019] | Series: Science & technology Identifiers: LCCN 2018034418| ISBN 9781422242117 (hardback) | ISBN 9781422242056 (series) | ISBN 9781422276044 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Robots--Juvenile literature. | Robotics--Juvenile literature. Classification: LCC TJ211.2 .R66 2019 | DDC 629.8/92--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc. gov/2018034418

QR Codes disclaimer: You may gain access to certain third party content (“Third-Party Sites”) by scanning and using the QR Codes that appear in this publication (the “QR Codes”). We do not operate or control in any respect any information, products, or services on such Third-Party Sites linked to by us via the QR Codes included in this publication, and we assume no responsibility for any materials you may access using the QR Codes. Your use of the QR Codes may be subject to terms, limitations, or restrictions set forth in the applicable terms of use or otherwise established by the owners of the Third-Party Sites.

Our linking to such Third-Party Sites via the QR Codes does not imply an endorsement or sponsorship of such Third-Party Sites, or the information, products, or services offered on or through the Third-Party Sites, nor does it imply an endorsement or sponsorship of this publication by the owners of such Third-Party Sites.

4

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS

introduction . History of Robots .

Humanoid Robots . Popular Humanoids . World’s Most Advanced Humanoids . Miniature Robots . Specialized Robots .

8

32

8

34

Robots .

10

Parts of a Robot .

12

36

Robotic Arm .

14

38

Types of Robots . Industrial Robots . Military Robots . Robots in Medicine . Domestic Robots 1 . Domestic Robots 2 . Entertainment Robots . Space Robots .

16

40

Nanorobotics .

18

42

text-dependent questions .

20

44

research projects .

22

45

find out more .

24

46

series glossary of key terms .

26

47

index .

28

48

30

KEY ICONS TO LOOK FOR

Series Glossary of Key Terms: This back-of-the-book glossary contains terminology used throughout this series. Words found here increase the reader’s ability to read and comprehend higher-level books and articles in this field. Research Projects: Readers are pointed toward areas of further inquiry connected to each chapter. Suggestions are provided for projects that encourage deeper research and analysis. Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities, and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives. Words to Understand: These words with their easy-to-understand definitions will increase the reader’s understanding of the text, while building vocabulary skills. Educational Videos: Readers can view videos by scanning our QR codes, providing them with additional educational content to supplement the text. Examples include news coverage, moments in history, speeches, iconic moments, and much more! Text-Dependent Questions: These questions send the reader back to the text for more careful attention to the evidence presented here.

5

ROBOTICS

WORDS TO UNDERSTAND

accuracy correct or exact in measure aeronautics the science of flight artificial not natural or man-made assemble to put together in order to join automatic something that works on its own

bipedal one who walks on two legs collapse fall apart or break down companionship to be associated as a fellow or friend diagnose a scientific examination of the body dimension the extension or measure of an object excrete to remove or throw out of the body feedback to give a reaction or response in return fiction a part of literature that uses imaginative concepts to describe things gesture to use a body part to express a thought or emotion hydraulic creating power by using the motion of water or another liquid infection to be infected with germs inspection to view or examine carefully install to connect or activate for use interact to talk, speak, or react in response interplanetary a space mission that is planned for study of other planets intruder a person who enters another’s property without per- mission joystick a small, sticklike lever used to control objects manufacture to build or construct something mechanical related to machinery mimic to copy or act like someone else

6

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

mining activity of locating natural resources present below the ground navigation the science of directing the course of a vehicle obstacle an obstruction or hindrance in the pathway payload a part of cargo that is carried to space pharmacy a store where lots of medicines are stored phobia a fear of something pneumatic to use air as a source of energy or power programmable able to be given instructions to do a task prosthetic an artificial body part R&D research and development in a particular field radioactive a substance that emits radiations rechargeable something that can be charged again and again reliable something that is trustworthy and can be relied on rescue to save from danger resemble to look similar to some other object or a person rover a space shuttle that can move on the surface and explore sensor a mechanical device that is sensitive to some signal and helps in responding to it space shuttle a space vehicle that is used to travel to outer space strengthen to make stronger or provide strength surgeon a doctor who carries out a surgery or operation on any body part terrain a piece of land or a geographically bound area unemployment people who are not employed or do not have any work to do unmanned mission a mission to space that does not carry a human being to space welding industrial process of joining metal parts by heating, compressing or hammering

7

ROBOTICS

INTRODUCTION A s soon as the word robot is heard, an image of a human- like machine comes to mind. The beginning of the concept of robotics took place in the writings of several authors. Several movies such as Star Wars, The Terminator, Star Trek films, and I, Robot have further strengthened the idea of robots being used by humans. It was later that scientists and computer engineers began working toward making this concept a reality. After several designs and tests, robots have been put to use in the twenti- eth century. Nowadays, robots are widely used in the fields of medicine, the military, in space exploration, and for domestic purposes. They have proven to be of great help to human beings. To date, great advances have been made in the field of ro- botics. Still, more intense research is going on in the fields of robotics and nanorobotics.

T he history of robots can be traced back to ancient times. The concept of robotics first emerged in the writings of several authors. Although robots have long been a part of several myths, the first true robots were designed during the early twentieth century. History of Robots

8

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Further Development Numerous other automatons were created during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Then in 1893, a Canadian inventor, George Moore, made a large steam-powered android. The late nineteenth and early twen- tieth centuries saw the emergence of humanoid robots. During 1970s, mobile robots and different types of robotic arms were developed. Ancient Times Robot-like automatic creatures were created for the first time in 250 BCE. The earliest movable figure was known as a clepsydra. It was made by an Egyptian inventor, Ctesibius of Alexandria. Later in the first century CE, Hero of Alexandria created a programmable device that could speak. These devices that could move and speak themselves were known as automatons.

Fictional Robots Inspired by robot myths, several authors also began writing about robot-like creatures. In 1818, Mary Shelley, a British novelist, wrote about Frankenstein. Frankenstein was an artificial creature created by a doctor in the book. Then in 1921, the first use of the term robot was made in the play “Rossum’s Universal Robots.” The play was written by a Czech writer, Karel Capek. Another mention of robots was in the story “Runaround” written in 1942 by sci- ence fiction writer, Isaac Asimov.

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● The term robotics was used for the first time by Isaac Asimov in his story “Runaround” in 1942. ● ● In 1940, a British roboticist, Grey Walter, developed a small tur- tle-like robot that was called “Machina Speculatrix” or “Machina.”

9

ROBOTICS

A robot is a man-made machine. It is operated either by re- mote control or on its own. It can perform a task with great speed and accuracy . Robots are also known as artificial in- telligence agents. The branch of science that involves the de- sign, study, and construction of robots is known as robotics. Robots

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● Robert Williams was the first human being who was killed by a robot in a factory in Michigan on January 25, 1979. ● ● The word robot is derived from Czech word robota , which means “forced labor.”

Laws of Robotics Isaac Asimov gave laws of robotics in his sto- ry “Runaround” in 1942. The first law states that a robot must not injure a human being. The sec- ond law says that a robot must obey all orders giv- en by human beings. The third law says that a robot must protect its existence. However, these laws can be disobeyed if they clash with some higher law.

10

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Advantages of Robots Robots have several advantages over human beings. They can do with great ease difficult tasks that human beings cannot do. Robots do not get tired easily and can work for a long time without a break. Moreover, they can also perform dangerous tasks without being injured.

Disadvantages of Robots There are several disadvantages associated with the handling of robots. Since robots are mechanical de- vices, they require constant maintenance. They can- not think and do things on their own. Also, robots are costly machines. In addition to this, the increased use of robots can lead to large-scale unemployment .

11

ROBOTICS

D ifferent types of robots perform different tasks. Despite be- ing different, they all have a similar structure. A robot is made up of four parts—a movable structure, a sensory sys- tem, a drive, and a controller. Parts of a Robot

Controller The controller is the brain of a robot. A robot can perform only those tasks for which it is al- ready programmed. The controller consists of several stored programs. These programs guide the robot to function properly. These pro- grams also guide the robot to connect to other robots and machines.

Sensory System and Drive The sensory system of a robot is made up of several sensors. These sensors help the robot to interact with its surroundings. The sen- sors receive feedback from its surroundings and sends it to the controller. The controller then helps the robot function accordingly. The drive of a robot is its power and energy source. A robot requires a fixed amount of electrical power to function properly.

12

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● Other names for the drive of a robot are an engine and a motor. ● ● Modern robots can also use hydraulic and pneumatic power sources.

Movable Structure The movable structure of a robot consists of two parts. These are the arm and an end effector. The arm of a robot can be of different shapes and sizes depending on the tasks it has to per- form. The arm holds the shoulder, the elbow, and the wrist, and helps in their movement. The end point of an arm is the end effector. The end effector functions just like a hand for the robot.

Making robots

13

ROBOTICS

Robotic Arm

A robotic arm is a long, thin structure similar to a human arm. It can be programmed to perform different functions. It is widely used for gripping, spinning, welding , and assembling different objects. Robotic arms can be automatic or remote-control operated. They can also be mobile or stationary.

Applications Robotic arms are highly accurate and can perform repetitive tasks over and over. They are widely used in indus- tries and space-based applications. While automatic robotic arms are mostly used in industries, remote-con- trol operated arms are used in space. Human beings use these robotic arms to manipulate heavy payloads in space and to maintain space ships.

Structure A robotic arm is made up of similar parts as a robot. It consists of a con- troller, driver, sensors, and a movable structure. Different types of joints can be used to make a robotic arm depend- ing on the task it has to perform. It is quite easy to build a robotic arm as compared to a humanoid robot. This is because a robotic arm works in a small, fixed area and has a fixed function.

14

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ROBOTICS

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICITY ELECTRONICS GADGETS & DEVICES INTERNET ROBOTICS SPACE EXPLORATION

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ROBOTICS

Mason Crest

Mason Crest

Mason Crest 450 Parkway Drive, Suite D Broomall, PA 19008 www.masoncrest.com

© 2019 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher.

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-4205-6 Hardback ISBN: 978-1-4222-4211-7 EBook ISBN: 978-1-4222-7604-4

First printing 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Cover photograph by Wisky/Dreamstime.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Mason Crest Publishers, author.

Title: Robotics / by Mason Crest. Other titles: Robotics (Mason Crest Publishers) Description: Broomall, PA : Mason Crest, [2019] | Series: Science & technology Identifiers: LCCN 2018034418| ISBN 9781422242117 (hardback) | ISBN 9781422242056 (series) | ISBN 9781422276044 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Robots--Juvenile literature. | Robotics--Juvenile literature. Classification: LCC TJ211.2 .R66 2019 | DDC 629.8/92--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc. gov/2018034418

QR Codes disclaimer: You may gain access to certain third party content (“Third-Party Sites”) by scanning and using the QR Codes that appear in this publication (the “QR Codes”). We do not operate or control in any respect any information, products, or services on such Third-Party Sites linked to by us via the QR Codes included in this publication, and we assume no responsibility for any materials you may access using the QR Codes. Your use of the QR Codes may be subject to terms, limitations, or restrictions set forth in the applicable terms of use or otherwise established by the owners of the Third-Party Sites.

Our linking to such Third-Party Sites via the QR Codes does not imply an endorsement or sponsorship of such Third-Party Sites, or the information, products, or services offered on or through the Third-Party Sites, nor does it imply an endorsement or sponsorship of this publication by the owners of such Third-Party Sites.

4

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS

introduction . History of Robots .

Humanoid Robots . Popular Humanoids . World’s Most Advanced Humanoids . Miniature Robots . Specialized Robots .

8

32

8

34

Robots .

10

Parts of a Robot .

12

36

Robotic Arm .

14

38

Types of Robots . Industrial Robots . Military Robots . Robots in Medicine . Domestic Robots 1 . Domestic Robots 2 . Entertainment Robots . Space Robots .

16

40

Nanorobotics .

18

42

text-dependent questions .

20

44

research projects .

22

45

find out more .

24

46

series glossary of key terms .

26

47

index .

28

48

30

KEY ICONS TO LOOK FOR

Series Glossary of Key Terms: This back-of-the-book glossary contains terminology used throughout this series. Words found here increase the reader’s ability to read and comprehend higher-level books and articles in this field. Research Projects: Readers are pointed toward areas of further inquiry connected to each chapter. Suggestions are provided for projects that encourage deeper research and analysis. Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities, and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives. Words to Understand: These words with their easy-to-understand definitions will increase the reader’s understanding of the text, while building vocabulary skills. Educational Videos: Readers can view videos by scanning our QR codes, providing them with additional educational content to supplement the text. Examples include news coverage, moments in history, speeches, iconic moments, and much more! Text-Dependent Questions: These questions send the reader back to the text for more careful attention to the evidence presented here.

5

ROBOTICS

WORDS TO UNDERSTAND

accuracy correct or exact in measure aeronautics the science of flight artificial not natural or man-made assemble to put together in order to join automatic something that works on its own

bipedal one who walks on two legs collapse fall apart or break down companionship to be associated as a fellow or friend diagnose a scientific examination of the body dimension the extension or measure of an object excrete to remove or throw out of the body feedback to give a reaction or response in return fiction a part of literature that uses imaginative concepts to describe things gesture to use a body part to express a thought or emotion hydraulic creating power by using the motion of water or another liquid infection to be infected with germs inspection to view or examine carefully install to connect or activate for use interact to talk, speak, or react in response interplanetary a space mission that is planned for study of other planets intruder a person who enters another’s property without per- mission joystick a small, sticklike lever used to control objects manufacture to build or construct something mechanical related to machinery mimic to copy or act like someone else

6

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

mining activity of locating natural resources present below the ground navigation the science of directing the course of a vehicle obstacle an obstruction or hindrance in the pathway payload a part of cargo that is carried to space pharmacy a store where lots of medicines are stored phobia a fear of something pneumatic to use air as a source of energy or power programmable able to be given instructions to do a task prosthetic an artificial body part R&D research and development in a particular field radioactive a substance that emits radiations rechargeable something that can be charged again and again reliable something that is trustworthy and can be relied on rescue to save from danger resemble to look similar to some other object or a person rover a space shuttle that can move on the surface and explore sensor a mechanical device that is sensitive to some signal and helps in responding to it space shuttle a space vehicle that is used to travel to outer space strengthen to make stronger or provide strength surgeon a doctor who carries out a surgery or operation on any body part terrain a piece of land or a geographically bound area unemployment people who are not employed or do not have any work to do unmanned mission a mission to space that does not carry a human being to space welding industrial process of joining metal parts by heating, compressing or hammering

7

ROBOTICS

INTRODUCTION A s soon as the word robot is heard, an image of a human- like machine comes to mind. The beginning of the concept of robotics took place in the writings of several authors. Several movies such as Star Wars, The Terminator, Star Trek films, and I, Robot have further strengthened the idea of robots being used by humans. It was later that scientists and computer engineers began working toward making this concept a reality. After several designs and tests, robots have been put to use in the twenti- eth century. Nowadays, robots are widely used in the fields of medicine, the military, in space exploration, and for domestic purposes. They have proven to be of great help to human beings. To date, great advances have been made in the field of ro- botics. Still, more intense research is going on in the fields of robotics and nanorobotics.

T he history of robots can be traced back to ancient times. The concept of robotics first emerged in the writings of several authors. Although robots have long been a part of several myths, the first true robots were designed during the early twentieth century. History of Robots

8

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Further Development Numerous other automatons were created during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Then in 1893, a Canadian inventor, George Moore, made a large steam-powered android. The late nineteenth and early twen- tieth centuries saw the emergence of humanoid robots. During 1970s, mobile robots and different types of robotic arms were developed. Ancient Times Robot-like automatic creatures were created for the first time in 250 BCE. The earliest movable figure was known as a clepsydra. It was made by an Egyptian inventor, Ctesibius of Alexandria. Later in the first century CE, Hero of Alexandria created a programmable device that could speak. These devices that could move and speak themselves were known as automatons.

Fictional Robots Inspired by robot myths, several authors also began writing about robot-like creatures. In 1818, Mary Shelley, a British novelist, wrote about Frankenstein. Frankenstein was an artificial creature created by a doctor in the book. Then in 1921, the first use of the term robot was made in the play “Rossum’s Universal Robots.” The play was written by a Czech writer, Karel Capek. Another mention of robots was in the story “Runaround” written in 1942 by sci- ence fiction writer, Isaac Asimov.

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● The term robotics was used for the first time by Isaac Asimov in his story “Runaround” in 1942. ● ● In 1940, a British roboticist, Grey Walter, developed a small tur- tle-like robot that was called “Machina Speculatrix” or “Machina.”

9

ROBOTICS

A robot is a man-made machine. It is operated either by re- mote control or on its own. It can perform a task with great speed and accuracy . Robots are also known as artificial in- telligence agents. The branch of science that involves the de- sign, study, and construction of robots is known as robotics. Robots

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● Robert Williams was the first human being who was killed by a robot in a factory in Michigan on January 25, 1979. ● ● The word robot is derived from Czech word robota , which means “forced labor.”

Laws of Robotics Isaac Asimov gave laws of robotics in his sto- ry “Runaround” in 1942. The first law states that a robot must not injure a human being. The sec- ond law says that a robot must obey all orders giv- en by human beings. The third law says that a robot must protect its existence. However, these laws can be disobeyed if they clash with some higher law.

10

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Advantages of Robots Robots have several advantages over human beings. They can do with great ease difficult tasks that human beings cannot do. Robots do not get tired easily and can work for a long time without a break. Moreover, they can also perform dangerous tasks without being injured.

Disadvantages of Robots There are several disadvantages associated with the handling of robots. Since robots are mechanical de- vices, they require constant maintenance. They can- not think and do things on their own. Also, robots are costly machines. In addition to this, the increased use of robots can lead to large-scale unemployment .

11

ROBOTICS

D ifferent types of robots perform different tasks. Despite be- ing different, they all have a similar structure. A robot is made up of four parts—a movable structure, a sensory sys- tem, a drive, and a controller. Parts of a Robot

Controller The controller is the brain of a robot. A robot can perform only those tasks for which it is al- ready programmed. The controller consists of several stored programs. These programs guide the robot to function properly. These pro- grams also guide the robot to connect to other robots and machines.

Sensory System and Drive The sensory system of a robot is made up of several sensors. These sensors help the robot to interact with its surroundings. The sen- sors receive feedback from its surroundings and sends it to the controller. The controller then helps the robot function accordingly. The drive of a robot is its power and energy source. A robot requires a fixed amount of electrical power to function properly.

12

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● Other names for the drive of a robot are an engine and a motor. ● ● Modern robots can also use hydraulic and pneumatic power sources.

Movable Structure The movable structure of a robot consists of two parts. These are the arm and an end effector. The arm of a robot can be of different shapes and sizes depending on the tasks it has to per- form. The arm holds the shoulder, the elbow, and the wrist, and helps in their movement. The end point of an arm is the end effector. The end effector functions just like a hand for the robot.

Making robots

13

ROBOTICS

Robotic Arm

A robotic arm is a long, thin structure similar to a human arm. It can be programmed to perform different functions. It is widely used for gripping, spinning, welding , and assembling different objects. Robotic arms can be automatic or remote-control operated. They can also be mobile or stationary.

Applications Robotic arms are highly accurate and can perform repetitive tasks over and over. They are widely used in indus- tries and space-based applications. While automatic robotic arms are mostly used in industries, remote-con- trol operated arms are used in space. Human beings use these robotic arms to manipulate heavy payloads in space and to maintain space ships.

Structure A robotic arm is made up of similar parts as a robot. It consists of a con- troller, driver, sensors, and a movable structure. Different types of joints can be used to make a robotic arm depend- ing on the task it has to perform. It is quite easy to build a robotic arm as compared to a humanoid robot. This is because a robotic arm works in a small, fixed area and has a fixed function.

14

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY