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bears—and among the Dakota Indians a boy’s puberty rites included remaining for days in a pit called a bear hole, fasting and imitating a bear. The fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm, transcribed from recited folklore, included stories of ferocious bears, and European folklore also contains legends of bears that tricked people or were tricked by them. Probably the most famous of all such tales is “Goldilocks and the Three Bears,” a classic story still so popular among children that during the past decade at least eight hard- cover editions were in print in the United States, including one accompanied by an audiocassette and one in sign language. The prehistoric cave bears were the basis for centuries of dragon lore. Among the

BEARS IN LEGEND, LITERATURE, AND ART Man has sought to understand and portray bears for many thousands of years. Some of Europe’s cave paintings depict bearlike crea- tures, probably the ancestors of today’s Euro- pean brown bears but possibly an extinct species known as the cave bear. The ancients perceived mythical bears in the heavens and named the constellations containing the Big Dipper and Little Dipper Ursa Major (Great Bear) and Ursa Minor (Small Bear). Some Native American peoples referred to bears as their spiritual relatives, calling them Grandmother or Brother. There were trans- mutation legends—bear-people and people-

Two cubs are the norm, but a healthy sow bear occasionally gives birth to three. These are American black bears in the western part of their range, where their color is extremely variable. Note that the mother and one cub are cinnamon; the other two are black.

After snuffling about in the snow, prospecting for small prey, a big northern bear stands erect to look around. People living in the American Northwest sometimes refer to a bear of this color as a chocolate grizzly.

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