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EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TODAY UNITED KINGDOM

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EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TODAY UNITED KINGDOM

Dominic J. Ainsley

MASON CREST

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Copyright © 2019 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

First printing 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 978-1-4222-3993-3

Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-3977-3 ebook ISBN: 978-1-4222-7808-6 Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file with the Library of Congress. Printed in the United States of America

Cover images Main: Tenby, Wales.

Left: The Giant’s Causeway, Northern Ireland. Center: The Houses of Parliament, England. Right: The Changing of the Guard, Buckingham Palace, England.

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CONTENTS The United Kingdom at a Glance 6 Chapter 1: The United Kingdom’s Geography & Landscape 11 Chapter 2: The Government & History of the United Kingdom 27 Chapter 3: The United Kingdom’s Economy 49 Chapter 4: Citizens of the United Kingdom: People, Customs & Culture 59 Chapter 5: The Famous Cities of the United Kingdom 73 Chapter 6: A Bright Future for the United Kingdom 87 Chronology 90 Further Reading & Internet Resources 91 Index 92 Picture Credits & Author 96

KEY ICONS TO LOOK FOR:

Words to Understand: These words with their easy-to-understand definitions will increase the reader’s understanding of the text while building vocabulary skills.

Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities, and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives. Educational Videos: Readers can view videos by scanning our QR codes, providing them with additional content to supplement the text. Examples include news coverage, moments in history, speeches, iconic sports moments, and much more! Text-Dependent Questions: These questions send the reader back to the text for more careful attention to the evidence presented there.

Research Projects: Readers are pointed toward areas of further inquiry connected to each chapter. Suggestions are provided for projects that encourage deeper research and analysis.

THE UNITED KINGDOM AT A GLANCE

MAP OF EUROPE

UNITED KINGDOM

The Geography of the United Kingdom

Location: western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland, between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France Area: (twice the size of Pennsylvania) total: 94,057 square miles (243,610 sq. km) land: 93,409 square miles (241,930 sq. km) water: 648 square miles (1,680 sq. km) Borders: Republic of Ireland 275 miles (443 km) Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast Elevation extremes: lowest point: the Fens 13 feet (4 meters) highest point: Ben Nevis 4,406 feet (1,343 meters) Natural hazards: winter windstorms; floods

Source: www.cia.gov 2017

THE UNITED KINGDOM AT A GLANCE

Flag of the United Kingdom

combines the crosses of St. George of England and St. Andrew of Scotland. The cross of St. Patrick of Ireland was added in 1801 to the make the flag as we know it today.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and many offshore islands. The country is situated on the westernmost edge of Europe and, despite being situated in a northerly position, has a temperate climate due to the North Atlantic Drift. The flag dates from 1603 and

ABOVE: Covent Garden, in central London, used to be a fruit and vegetable market. In the 1980s, it was redeveloped into an area of shops, restaurants, and bars.

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EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TODAY: UNITED KINGDOM

The People of the United Kingdom Population: 64,769,452 (July 2017 est.)

Ethnic Groups: white 87.2%; black/African/Caribbean/black British 3%; Asian/Asian British: Indian 2.3%; Pakistani 1.9%; mixed 2%; other 3.7% (last census) Age Structure:

0–14 years: 17.53% 15–24 years: 11.9% 25–54 years: 40.55% 55–64 years: 11.98%

65 years and above: 18.04% (2017 est.) Population Growth Rate: 0.5% (2017 est.)

Birth Rate: 12.1 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) Death Rate: 9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) Migration Rate: 2.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Infant Mortality Rate: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births Life Expectancy at Birth: Total Population: 80.7 years Male: 78.5 years Female: 83 years (2016 est.) Total Fertility Rate: 1.88 children born/woman (2017 est.) Religions: Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%, Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, other 2%, unspecified 7.2%, none 25.7% (2011 est.) Languages: the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland), Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 in Cornwall) Source: www.cia.gov 2017

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Words to Understand folklore: Traditional customs, beliefs, stories, and sayings. moorland: An expanse of open, rolling, and infertile land. mythology: The myths dealing with the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people.

BELOW: Wastwater is one of many lakes in the Lake District National Park. The Lake District is in the county of Cumbria, in the northwest of England. The region also features England’s highest mountain, Scafell Pike, at 3,209 feet (978 meters) above sea level.

Chapter One THE UNITED KINGDOM’S GEOGRAPHY & LANDSCAPE

A lmost everyone in North America has heard of King Arthur and his knights, and of Robin Hood, the Loch Ness Monster, Shakespeare, Ebenezer Scrooge, and pixies and brownies. These characters from history, literature, and mythology have helped shape North American folklore —but the roots of their stories lie deep in Britain’s soil. In many ways, Britain was the “mother” of large parts of North America. British immigrants settled throughout North America and brought their stories,

ABOVE: According to legend, Tintagel Castle on Cornwall’s north coast is said to be the birthplace of King Arthur. Cornwall is located in southwest England.

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THE UNITED KINGDOM’S GEOGRAPHY & LANDSCAPE

Educational Video The difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England explained. Scan the QR code with your phone to watch!

their language, and their culture with them. Neither Canada nor the United States can truly understand their own identity without understanding the ancient land of Britain. Today, Great Britain consists of four nations: England to the south, Scotland to the north, Wales to the west, and Northern Ireland across the North Channel on the island it shares with the Republic of Ireland. Collectively, they are known as the United Kingdom. Rocks and Rivers, Mountains and Plains Britain’s land is truly ancient; the oldest rocks that form this island nation date back 2.6 billion years. This is the rugged foundation for the wild, mountainous scenery of Wales, Scotland, and Northern England. Because the United Kingdom is an island nation with a heavily indented coastline, wherever you are in Britain, you are no more than seventy-eight miles (125 kilometers) from the sea. England England’s land is mostly low hills and plains, with a long, jagged coastline that is cut by bays, coves, and estuaries. If you could stretch the coastline out straight, it would cover 1,988 miles (3,200 kilometers). Mountains called the Pennines, England’s backbone, split northern England into its western and 12

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TODAY: UNITED KINGDOM

ABOVE: Part of the Pennine Way footpath in North Yorkshire, England. In the distance is St. Margaret’s Church, Hawes.

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THE UNITED KINGDOM’S GEOGRAPHY & LANDSCAPE

Snowdonia Snowdonia National Park in northwest Wales is the largest national park in Wales and boasts the highest mountain in England and Wales. Snowdonia is renowned for its breathtaking scenery, its picturesque villages, and is home to the largest natural lake in Wales. Visitors can ride on the Snowdon Mountain Railway that climbs to the summit of Wales’ highest mountain, Mount Snowdon. Here, visitors can view the outstanding scenery that reaches across to the sea.

eastern regions. England’s highest peak is Scafell Pike (3,209 feet, or 978 meters) in the northwestern Lake District. The northeastern region includes the bleak but beautiful Yorkshire moors. Wales About one-quarter of the land of Wales is higher than 1,001 feet (305 meters). In the north, its highest peak, Snowdon (called Yr Wyddfa in Welsh), rises to 3,560 feet (1,085 meters). Just as in England, the Welsh coasts are cut by bays and extended by peninsulas. Scotland Along the border between Scotland and England, the Lowlands and Borderlands feature gently wooded hills. If you were to travel north, however, you would see a dramatic change as you entered the Highlands’ rugged 14