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criticism on investments in AI and pressure from Congress led to reduced government funding in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), known as the “AI winter.” This was reversed in the 1980s when the UK increased funding in AI to compete with Japanese efforts. In 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue became the first computer to defeat a chess champion when it won against grandmaster Gary Kasparov. In 2005 and 2007, respectively, robots drove 131 miles on a new desert trail and successfully navigated 55 miles of an urban environment while following traffic laws. The answering system Watson won the quiz show Jeopardy in 2011, competing against former champions Brad Ru©er and Ken Jennings. In 2014, Eugene Goostman developed a chatbot, a computer program that

simulates human conversation with people over the Internet. It convinced one-third of test judges that it was a human being responding in dialogue, though this was partly due to its claim that it was an adolescent that spoke English as a second language. AI RESEARCH WITH A PURPOSE Leading the research into AI is the Massachuse©s Institute of

The potential for AI is particularly great in rescue work. Places like this earthquake-damaged building in California may be too dangerous for humans to work in.

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