9781422276006

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICITY ELECTRONICS GADGETS & DEVICES INTERNET ROBOTICS SPACE EXPLORATION

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS

Mason Crest

Mason Crest

Mason Crest 450 Parkway Drive, Suite D Broomall, PA 19008 www.masoncrest.com

© 2019 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher.

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-4205-6 Hardback ISBN: 978-1-4222-4207-0 EBook ISBN: 978-1-4222-7600-6

First printing 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Cover photograph by Preechar Bowonkitwanchai/Shutterstock.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Mason Crest Publishers, author. Title: Electronics / by Mason Crest. Other titles: Electronics (Mason Crest Publishers) Description: Broomall, PA : Mason Crest, [2019] | Series: Science & technology Identifiers: LCCN 2018034421| ISBN 9781422242070 (hardback) | ISBN 9781422242056 (series) | ISBN 9781422276006 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Electronics--Juvenile literature. | Electronics--Equipment and supplies--Juvenile literature. | Electronics--Materials--Juvenile literature. Classification: LCC TK7820 .E433 2019 | DDC 621.38--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc. gov/2018034421

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS

introduction .

Vacuum Tube .

8

30

History of Electronics. Types of Materials.

Triode .

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32

Charge-coupled Device.

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34

Electric Circuit . Circuit Board. Soldering Iron .

Potentiometer.

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36

Antenna .

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38

Voltage Regulator .

16

40

Transistor .

Battery .

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42

Resistor.

text-dependent questions .

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44

Capacitor . 22 Inductor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Diode. 26 Light-emitting Diode . 28

research projects .

45

find out more .

46

series glossary of key terms .

47

index .

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KEY ICONS TO LOOK FOR

Series Glossary of Key Terms: This back-of-the-book glossary contains terminology used throughout this series. Words found here increase the reader’s ability to read and comprehend higher-level books and articles in this field. Research Projects: Readers are pointed toward areas of further inquiry connected to each chapter. Suggestions are provided for projects that encourage deeper research and analysis. Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities, and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives. Words to Understand: These words with their easy-to-understand definitions will increase the reader’s understanding of the text, while building vocabulary skills. Educational Videos: Readers can view videos by scanning our QR codes, providing them with additional educational content to supplement the text. Examples include news coverage, moments in history, speeches, iconic moments, and much more! Text-Dependent Questions: These questions send the reader back to the text for more careful attention to the evidence presented here.

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ELECTRONICS

WORDS TO UNDERSTAND

alloy a substance made up of a mixture of metals alternating current electric current that has varying voltage amplifier device that increase the strength many times appliance an instrument or device used for a particular purpose broadcasting transmitting from a satellite or radio station ceramic a substance made of clay or bricks continuous without a break or obstruction direct current electric current that has same voltage and intensity electrochemical a branch of science which deals with chemical changes in an object when electricity is passed through it filament a thin plate-like heating element germanium name of a nonmetal goldsmith a person who makes jewelry and objects from gold hazard resulting danger or ill effects of some action indicator lamp a lamp that indicates if a particular circuit is working or not by emitting light interval a fixed time period journal a series of informative publications published after a fixed interval of time

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

joystick an input control device that is attached to computers, mobile phones, and video games magnetic field a region around a magnet that has the ability to attract other magnets microprocessor a very small circuit used in computers that performs all the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) miniature a small-sized model of an object phenomena occurrence of a remarkable process photosensitive to be excited or activated by light radar an instrument used to detect distance, height, and speed of an object radiate to give out or emit resistance to hinder or obstruct the flow of something sensor a device that receives and responds to signals socket a hollow piece meant for holding an object standstill to come to a stop, have no movement terminals situated at the end or the end point transmit to send a signal to other transmitters voltage difference in electric tension between two points

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ELECTRONICS

T he history of electronics began during the late nineteenth cen- tury. The work of several scientists contributed to the field of electron- ics. The discovery of the atom and its structure paved the way for fu- ture electronics. The entire history of electronics can be traced from the earliest vacuum tubes to the latest integrated circuits. History of Electronics

INTRODUCTION E lectronics is a branch of phys- ics that deals with the study, development, and applica- tion of electronic components and devices. Electronics have changed our way of life and play an im- portant role in the lives of human beings. From objects as small as a microprocessor to as large as a satellite, electronics have touched every sphere of life. The discovery of the electron marked the beginning of a new electronic era. The field of electronics is de- pendent on the phenomena as- sociated with electrons and their properties. These phenomena and properties are exhibited by differ- ent electronic components. A few of the electronic components are diodes, triodes, capacitors, resis- tors, semiconductors, and so on. These tiny products are used in an enormous variety of devices and machines that have a huge impact on our everyday lives.

Thomas Alva Edison

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Electron All forms of matter present around us are made up of atoms. An atom is the smallest indivisible part of matter. An atom is made up of a central core, called a nucleus, and a few charged particles. The positively charged particles are called protons. The negatively charged particles are called electrons, and the neutral particles are knownas neutrons. These particles may remain attached to the central core or move around freely. The freely moving electrons passing through an object or through a medi- um generate an electric current.

Early history In 1883, Thomas Alva Edison stud- ied and explained that electrons can move from one metal conductor to another through a vacuum. This effect is known as the Edison effect and led to the development of the vacuum tube. However, the exact principle was only understood after the discovery of the electron by J. J. Thompson in 1897. After the vac- uum tube, the diode was invented in 1904. This development further paved way for the invention of the triode. These devices were ideal for transmitting and amplifying electri- cal signals. They were first used for radio communications in 1901. Soon these electronic components were used in television from the 1920s to the 1950s. However, they proved inef- ficient foruse incomputers. Therefore, a new electronic component called the transistor was invented. It was much better than the earlier devices. It was only after the 1950s that the use of semiconductor devices and integrated chips came into use.

proton

neutron

nucleus

electron

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● The mass of a single neutron or proton is one thousand eight hundred times greater than the mass of an electron. ● ● The number one electronic device in most homes, in terms of energy use, is the television.

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ELECTRONICS

D ifferent types of substances behave differently when elec- tricity is passed through them. Based on this property, substances can be classified into three categories. These are conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Types of Materials

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● The use of asbestos as an insulator is now banned due to an occurrence of a large number of lung diseases caused by the inhalation of asbestos. ● ● Silver, copper, and gold are the three most conductive metals.

Conductors Conductors are those electronic materials that allow electricity to pass through them easily. These sub- stances have free electrons that can move around. All metals such as aluminum, silver, copper, and so on, are examples of conductors. They are used to make electrical appliances , wires, and metal sheets.

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Insulators Substances that do not allow electric- ity to pass through them are known as insulators. These substances can- not conduct electricity as the electrons are tightly packed and cannot move. Air, glass, plastic, paper, etc., are some examples of insulating substances. In- sulators are often used to cover wires and other conducting objects in order to protect from electric shocks.

Semiconductors Semiconductors are unique sub- stances that function as both conductors and insulators. They have a few proper- ties that resemble con- ductors and others that resemble insulators. Ad- ditionally, semiconductor materials can be modified to behave as conductors or as in- sulators. Semiconductors form an im-

portant part of modern electronics and are a basic part of several electronic devices. Mixed signal circuits, transistors, microprocessors, diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and others, make use of semiconductors.

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ELECTRONICS

A n electric circuit is the pathway through which electricity flows. It is made up of several electron- ic components such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes. These electronic com- ponents are connected by con- ducting metal wires. These wires allow the electric current to flow through them. The electricity flows through a complete circuit only. If any component is not connected, or any end is left open, then the electricity will not flow. An electronic circuit can be an analog circuit, a digital circuit, or a mixed-signal circuit. Electric Circuit

Analog Circuits Analog electronic circuits are those circuits in which there is a continuous variation of current or volt- age . This fluctuation in the current or voltage is due to the changing nature of the information that is to be represented. If the information signal is strong thenmore current is generated in the circuit and vice versa. Radio receivers are a type of analog circuits.

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Digital Circuits Digital electronics are those circuits in which the current or signals are not continuous. Digital electrical signals are gen- erated at fixed intervals and have a fixed numeric values. Microprocessors, electronic clocks, and computer parts are made using digital circuits.

Mixed-signal Circuits Mixed-signal circuits are another type of circuit. These circuits consist of both analog and digital circuits. Thus, they are also known as hybrid circuits. Such circuits are used in DVD players, radio communications, and in communication circuits, such as those of cell phones.

SCIENCE FACTS

● ● Electrons can flow in a closed circuit forever without any breakdown. ● ● The current flowing in a circuit is measured in amperes.

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ELECTRONICS

Circuit Board

Structure The circuit board was manufactured for the first time in 1930. It was made by an Austrian inventor, Paul Eisler. The earliest circuit boards were made on wooden boards. The components were con- nected using metal strips or rods. However, modern circuit boards are made of fiberglass and thin copper wires. Specialized equip- ment is required to produce printed circuit boards. A circuit board is an insulated board on which the circuit is constructed. It is a hard board that supports the elec- tronic components. It is an easy way to construct a circuit. These boards are used in integrated circuits and in electron- ic devices to perform a specific function. Stripboard Stripboards are a type of circuit boards. They are used to make permanent soldered circuits. However, they are only useful for cre- ating small circuits. One side of the stripboard is made of parallel rows of copper holes. These boards can also be cut short according to the requirement of the user.

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY