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T he ancient Romans used aqueducts to supply their cities with fresh water, but from the fall of Rome up until the mid-19th century, most people lived without plumbing. Water was taken from wells, and garbage and waste was thrown in the streets or fields. While this was not so much of a problem in rural areas, cities were filthy and unhy- gienic. For instance, people said of 18th-century Edinburgh, Scotland, that “you smelled it before you saw it.” If you take a moment to imagine modern cities without plumbing, you’ll realize why plumbers’ and pipe fitters’ jobs are so important. These laborers do more than just install and maintain water systems, though—they also work on oil and gas lines, air-conditioning, manufacturing plants, and anywhere else where something has to be piped in or out. This makes plumbers’ and pipe fit- ters’ skills critical. There are about 425,000 plumbers and pipe fitters working in the United States today. Plumber or Pipe Fitter Learn a skilled trade. Have your skills be in demand. Make an excellent wage. words to understand grueling: physically tiring. municipal: relating to a town or city (for example, the municipal water supply).

t  Plumbers are responsible for repairing and installing toilets, sinks, air-conditioning, heating, and gas.