9781422272305

Smoking and vaping addiction

CIGARETTES AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS The Predatory Drug DEADLY VAPING ADDITIVES CBD, THC, and Contaminants FACTS AND FIGURES Smoking and Vaping NICOTINE ADVERTISING AND SALES Big Business for Young Clientele NICOTINE AND GENETICS The Hereditary Predisposition NICOTINE TREATMENTS Fighting to Breathe Again NICOTINE Negative Effects on the Adolescent Brain PEER PRESSURE TO SMOKE OR VAPE Finding the Strength in You VAPING The New Cool Way to a Shorter Life

ERIC BENAC

PO Box 221876, Hollywood, FL 33022 (866) MCP-BOOK (toll-free) • www.masoncrest.com

Copyright © 2022 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America First printing 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-4579-8 Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-4222-4583-5 ebook ISBN: 978-1-4222-7230-5 Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file with the Library of Congress

Developed and Produced by National Highlights, Inc. Cover and Interior Design: Tara Raymo • CreativelyTara Layout: Priceless Digital Media

Publisher’s Note: Websites listed in this book were active at the time of publication. The publisher is not responsible for websites that have changed their address or discontinued operation since the date of publication. The publisher reviews and updates the websites each time the book is reprinted.

QR CODES AND LINKS TO THIRD-PARTY CONTENT You may gain access to certain third-party content (“Third-Party Sites”) by scanning and using the QR Codes that appear in this publication (the “QR Codes”). We do not operate or control in any respect any information, products, or services on such Third-Party Sites linked to by us via the QR Codes included in this publication, and we assume no responsibility for any materials you may access using the QR Codes. Your use of the QR Codes may be subject to terms, limitations, or restrictions set forth in the applicable terms of use or otherwise established by the owners of the Third-Party Sites. Our linking to such Third-Party Sites via the QR Codes does not imply an endorsement or sponsorship of such Third-Party Sites or the information, products, or services offered on or through the Third-Party Sites, nor does it imply an endorsement or sponsorship of this publication by the owners of such Third-Party Sites.

CONTENTS

Chapter 1: The Early Years of Tobacco Advertising ................. 7 Chapter 2: Pop Culture Enters Advertising ............................ 23 Chapter 3: The Joe Camel Years.......................................39 Chapter 4: The Impact of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement . ........................................ 55 Chapter 5: The Current Climate of Tobacco Advertising ...... 71 Chapter Notes ............................................................................ 85 Series Glossary of Key Terms ................................................... 88 Further Reading . ....................................................................... 90 Internet Resources .................................................................... 91 Index . .......................................................................................... 92 Author’s Biography / Credits . .................................................. 96 KEY ICONS TO LOOK FOR: Words to Understand: These words with their easy-to-understand definitions will increase the reader’s understanding of the text while building vocabulary skills. Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities, and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives. Educational videos: Readers can view videos by scanning our QR codes, providing them with additional educational content to supplement the text. Examples include news coverage, moments in history, speeches, iconic sports moments, and much more! Text-Dependent Questions: These questions send the reader back to the text for more careful attention to the evidence presented there. Research Projects: Readers are pointed toward areas of further inquiry connected to each chapter. Suggestions are provided for projects that encourage deeper research and analysis. Series Glossary of Key Terms: This back-of-the-book glossary contains terminology used throughout this series. Words found here increase the reader’s ability to read and comprehend higher-level books and articles in this field.

Young delivery boys in St. Louis, Missouri, smoke cigarettes outside the newspaper office, 1910.

WORDS TO UNDERSTAND

C-rations: a soldier’s collection of food and amenities chic: cool, fashionable, or attractive insidious: something that is done in a sneaky, secretive way that has harmful effects liberation: freeing somebody or something from control

6

Nicotine Advertising and Sales: Big Business for Young Clientele

1 CHAPTER

The Early Years of Tobacco Advertising Until relatively recently, the marketing and advertising of tobacco products represented one of the most insidious and manipulative programs affecting public health in the United States and around the world. Through clever advertisements and misstated claims, tobacco companies were able to tempt tens of millions of people into trying tobacco products over the years. Due to the extremely addictive nature of nicotine, many of these people wound up suffering from smoking-related diseases that significantly shortened their lives. Today, most educated people are aware of the dangers of tobacco abuse, and many of them avoid products like cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or electronic vapor devices. However, it is important to understand the history of tobacco marketing. Modern readers may find it hard to believe that advertisements once claimed cigarettes were healthy—but it is true. Clever marketing and advertising fooled entire generations into smoking cigarettes. The tobacco companies fully understood the dangers of their product, but the money was too great to ignore. Their goal with advertising was to find “replacement smokers” for those who died using their products. Often, these replacement smokers were teenagers or young adults.

7

Lung Damage Smoke leaves a sticky black substance called tar inside the lungs.

Heart Damage The heart beats faster when nicotine is in the body.

YellowTeeth Cigarette smoke stains teeth, and causes oral cancer.

Foul Mouth When smoke travels

through the mouth and windpipe, it causes bad breath and lung irritation.

Brain E ect The brain reacts to nicotine by telling the heart to speed up and blood vessels to get narrower.

8

Nicotine Advertising and Sales: Big Business for Young Clientele

As readers go over these pages, they will likely be stunned to learn what tobacco companies got away with in the early days of advertising. They may be even more startled to learn that this type of marketing was very common for decades and was only restricted fairly recently. Hopefully, those reading this book will understand how marketing twists reality and will stay away from cigarettes and other tobacco products for good. The Origins of Tobacco Advertising The use of tobacco originated among Native Americans, and was spread around the world after the arrival of European settlers in North America during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In many cultures, tobacco was a luxury item that only the very rich could afford. The average person had little time or money for tobacco use. Although its health effects were not fully known, some authorities recognized early on that smoking tobacco could cause health problems. In 1590, Pope Urban VIII outlawed the use of tobacco inside Roman Catholic churches throughout the world. In a 1604 essay, King James I of England wrote that smoking was “A custome lothsome to the eye, hatefull to the Nose, harmefull to the braine, dangerous to the Lungs.” Other European leaders also attempted to ban or control the use of tobacco. During the nineteenth century, industrial production of cigarettes and other tobacco products increased their availability. Cigarette and cigar use then rose heavily. At first, most people got cigarettes or tobacco products from local providers. Advertising during that time was very basic, simply promoting the names and addresses of vendors who offered tobacco products. One of the earliest methods of advertising a particular brand of cigarettes involved the use of small colored cards that were placed in cigarette packs. These cards started to appear during the late

9

The Early Years of Tobacco Advertising

1880s and consisted of various color pictures of landscapes, political individuals, sports figures, and animals. Each card was numbered, and consumers were encouraged to buy cigarettes and collect the entire set. As advertising efforts increased, some Americans were also trying to prevent cigarette and tobacco use. As an offshoot of the temperance movement of the late nineteenth century, many anti- tobacco campaigns also appeared. These movements caused three states to temporarily ban tobacco use, and by 1890 twenty-six of the forty-two states had banned tobacco sales to minors. New Possibilities When the United States entered World War I in 1917, American tobacco companies pounced on the conflict as a marketing campaign. They started sending free or subsidized cigarettes to soldiers during the war. Cigarettes were often packed in a soldier’s C-rations , along with their food and other essential items. And it wasn’t just the tobacco companies who started this trend, either. Many people back at home sent soldiers cigarettes in care packages. Groups like the YMCA, Salvation Army, and Red Cross collected billions of cigarettes and sent them to the front. Tobacco companies often donated these cigarettes or sold them at discount prices. Yet, they still profited from these arrangements. Tobacco companies in the United States and Britain began distributing advertisements asking civilians to send cigarettes to soldiers on the front to help them during battle. The ads were targeted in a very emotionally manipulative way, implying that those who did not send cigarettes were unpatriotic. “It is the duty of every man and woman at home to see to it that there is a plentiful supply [of cigarettes for soldiers],” said one British tobacco advertisement.

10

Nicotine Advertising and Sales: Big Business for Young Clientele

An 1889 card depicts baseball catcher Harry Francis Vaughn posing in throwing position. Such cards were often included in cigarette packages as promotional items, with customers encouraged to collect the entire set of players.

11

The Early Years of Tobacco Advertising

“For just one shilling the Fund (authorised by the State War Council) will keep a soldier in tobacco for one week.” The tobacco companies also encouraged children to collect cigarettes and send them to their fathers and brothers. These actions served many different purposes for the tobacco companies. First of all, this campaign positioned the companies as patriotic supporters of the war effort. Second, it exposed young children to cigarettes and tobacco and made cigarette use seemmanly and strong. Third, and perhaps most importantly for these companies, millions of young American soldiers became hooked on cigarettes. As a result, the demand for cigarettes tripled by the early 1920s.

CIGARETTE USE IN THE MILITARY.

War still inspires an increase in tobacco use in spite of the obvious health risks. Although cigarette use has declined heavily in recent decades among civilians, this decrease has not been noted in the U.S. military. According to the most recent data available, about 24 percent of American servicemen and servicewomen smoked cigarettes or used tobacco products. This was higher than the overall rate of tobacco use among the civilian population, which was around 19 percent at that time. This abuse comes in spite of attempts to control tobacco consumption and in spite of the ways tobacco impacts a soldier’s abilities on the field. The military’s attempts to educate soldiers also go mostly unheeded.

12

Nicotine Advertising and Sales: Big Business for Young Clientele

British soldiers in defensive trenches smoke cigarettes during a break in the fighting on the front line, circa 1917.

Targeting Women In the early years of tobacco advertising, women were rarely targeted. Most communities in the United States banned smoking for women or frowned upon the practice. The perception of the time was that only prostitutes or “evil” women smoked. The artwork at the time reflects this idea. Many erotic pictures or photos featured a woman smoking, with the implication that she was either a prostitute or someone whom the viewer could easily seduce.

13

The Early Years of Tobacco Advertising

An advertisement for “healthy” cigarettes appears at the bottom of this page from a women’s magazine published in 1893. Other advertisements promote bicycles, corsets, elastic stockings, and other products intended for women.

14

Nicotine Advertising and Sales: Big Business for Young Clientele

That doesn’t mean, however, that women never smoked or didn’t smoke during that period. Many early feminists or those arguing against temperance smoked as a rebellious act. Author George Sand, a French female novelist, was noted for dressing like a man and smoking like one, partially as a way of causing controversy. However, other women’s rights activists of the time also pounced on cigarette smoking as a sign of female liberation that people could easily understand. Tobacco companies used this perception to their advantage. In an attempt to feminize smoking and make it more acceptable for women, menthol cigarettes were invented in 1924. Before these cigarettes, tobacco smoke was considered too harsh for women. Menthol cigarettes were marketed as a smoother alternative that was not so hard on women’s throats. Advertisements also were aimed at what tobacco industry executives considered to be female concerns, such as weight and diet insecurities. Cigarette advertisements from the 1920s and 1930s told consumers that smoking a cigarette was a better alternative than eating a piece of candy. “Reach for a Lucky Instead of a Sweet” was a popular slogan at the time that marketed the Lucky Strikes brand of cigarettes. The weight-loss potential of smoking was also heavily exaggerated to make women interested in them. Female cigarette use tripled during the Roaring Twenties. In 1929, the American Tobacco Company ran a series of ads that featured women marching in the Easter Sunday Parade in New York City. These women were seen smoking what the ad called “torches of freedom.” The goal of these advertisements was to further link smoking with the women’s rights movement and to make the idea of women smoking cigarettes more socially acceptable. The goal, as noted in the journal Tobacco Control , was to increase the market for cigarette customers: “Smoking had to be repositioned as not only respectable but sociable, fashionable, stylish, and feminine.”

15

The Early Years of Tobacco Advertising

From the 1930s through the 1980s, cigarette advertisements often featured young and attractive women enjoying cigarettes. These women were seen doing fun activities and wearing fashionable chic clothing. New brands were created for women specifically, including “slim” and “low-tar” cigarettes, which were marketed as more feminine or attractive. Thanks to the growing demand for tobacco products, as the nation’s economy expanded during the first half of the twentieth century the tobacco companies grew into multinational organizations. For many years, tobacco marketing and advertising was not regulated, which resulted in a steady increase in the rate of tobacco use among Americans as well as worldwide.

To learn how Marlboro transformed tobacco advertising, scan here.

16

Nicotine Advertising and Sales: Big Business for Young Clientele